Smart Distributed Embedded Systems for Healthcare Applications

This book discusses the applications and optimization of emerging smart technologies in the field of healthcare. It further explains different modeling scenarios of the latest technologies in the healthcare system and compares the results to better understand the nature and progress of diseases in the human body, which would ultimately lead to early diagnosis and better treatment and cure of diseases with the help of distributed technology. Covers the implementation models using technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning with distributed systems for better diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Gives in-depth review of technological advancements like advanced sensing technologies such as plasmonic sensors, usage of RFIDs, and electronic diagnostic tools in the field of healthcare engineering. Discusses possibilities of augmented reality and virtual reality interventions for providing unique solutions in medical science, clinical research, psychology, and neurological disorders. Highlights the future challenges and risks involved in the application of smart technologies such as cloud computing, fog computing, IOT, and distributed computing in healthcare. Confers to utilize the AI and ML and associated aids in healthcare sectors in the post-Covid 19 period to revitalize the medical setup. Contributions included in the book will motivate technological developers and researchers to develop new algorithms and protocols in the healthcare field. It will serve as a vast platform for gaining knowledge regarding healthcare delivery, health- care management, healthcare in governance, and health monitoring approaches using distributed environments. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and researchers in diverse engineering fields including electrical, electronics and communication, computer, and biomedical fields. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Preeti Nagrath, Jafar A. Alzubi, Bhawna Singla, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues and A. K. Verma;individual chapters, the contributors.

Mutation Prediction for Coronaviruses Using Genome Sequence and Recurrent Neural Networks

The study of viruses and their genetics has been an opportunity as well as a challenge for the scientific community. The recent ongoing SARSCov2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) pandemic proved the unpreparedness for these situations. Not only the countermeasures for the effect caused by virus need to be tackled but the mutation taking place in the very genome of the virus is needed to be kept in check frequently. One major way to find out more information about such pathogens is by extracting the genetic data of such viruses. Though genetic data of viruses have been cultured and stored as well as isolated in form of their genome sequences, there is still limited methods on what new viruses can be generated in future due to mutation. This research proposes a deep learning model to predict the genome sequences of the SARS-Cov2 virus using only the previous viruses of the coronaviridae family with the help of RNN-LSTM (Recurrent Neural Network-Long ShortTerm Memory) and RNN-GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) so that in the future, several counter measures can be taken by predicting possible changes in the genome with the help of existing mutations in the virus. After the process of testing the model, the F1-recall came out to be more than 0.95. The mutation detection???s accuracy of both the models come out about 98.5% which shows the capability of the recurrent neural network to predict future changes in the genome of virus.

Neural network and NLP based chatbot for answering COVID-19 queries

During the COVID-19 pandemic, people across the world are worried and are highly concerned. The overall purpose of to study and research was to help society by providing a digital solution to this problem which was a chatbot through which people can at some extent self-evaluate that they are safe or not. In this paper, we propose a chatbot for answering queries related to COVID-19 by using artificial intelligence. Various natural language processing algorithms have been used to process datasets. By artificial neural network, the model is created, and it is trained from the processed data, so that appropriate response can be generated by our chatbot. Assessment of the chatbot is done by testing it with a hugely different set of questions, where it performed well. Also, accuracy of chatbot is likely to increase upon increasing dataset.

Detection of COVID-19 by X-rays Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models

In India, test for COVID-19 is very expensive and not everybody can afford it. This document provides knowledge and awareness to the reader on COVID-19 screening of a person using radio chest x-ray images. Here Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms like CNN and max-pooling are used. These algorithms identifies different features in the images and help us to distinguish between a COVID-19 and non COVID-19 chest X-ray. This paper also describes the data set of COVID19 open image X-rays.It was created by collecting medical images from websites and publications. Our model accuracy is following a trend of greater than 95% on every run time. Machine learning models can’t have 100% accuracy and hence, this is the best one can get. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Face Mask Detection Using Deep Learning During COVID-19

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire world is in chaos and is talking about novel ways to prevent virus spread. People around the world are wearing masks as a precautionary measure to prevent catching this infection. While some are following and taking this measure, some are not still following despite official advice from the government and public health agencies. In this paper, a face mask detection model that can accurately detect whether a person is wearing a mask or not is proposed and implemented. The model architecture uses MobileNetV2, which is a lightweight convolutional neural network, therefore requires less computational power and can be easily embedded in computer vision systems and mobile. As a result, it can create a low-cost mask detector system that can help to identify whether a person is wearing a mask or not and act as a surveillance system as it works for both real-time images and videos. The face detector model achieved high accuracy of 99.98% on training data, 99.56% on validation data, and 99.75% on testing data. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Time Series Forecasting for Coronavirus (COVID-19)

The upsurge of the novel coronavirus has spread to many countries and has been declared a pandemic by WHO. It has shaken the most powerful countries across the world like the USA, UK, and has affected economies of various countries. The coronavirus or the 2019-nCoV causes the disease that has been named COVID-19. This disease transmits by inhaling droplets that are expelled by an infected person. It has been affecting people in different ways and has been found to be threatening for the older population or people with comorbidities. It has been seen that the virus 2019-nCoV spreads faster than the two of its antecedents namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). No cure or vaccine has been discovered as of now and taking precautions like staying at home are the only possible solutions. Our study analyzes the current trend of the disease in India and predicts future trends using time series forecasting. The official dataset provided by John Hopkins University through a GitHub repository has been used for the research for the time period of 22 January 2020 to 31 May 2020. The trend in cases, fatalities, and the people who have recovered until the date of 31 May 2020 has been discussed in the paper. It has been seen through the findings that the total number of cases is expected to rise to 2,15,000 by the end of May 2020 i.e. 31 May 2020 as per the AR (Autoregression) model. ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) model predicts the number of cases to be 2,05,000 until the same date. Actual data has shown that the number of confirmed cases is 1,90,609 as on 31 May 2020 giving a percentage error of 7.57% and 12.85% for ARIMA and AR model respectively. Comparison between the findings of the two models has been shown later in the paper. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.